The Fierce 44 by Robert Ball

Author:Robert Ball
Language: eng
Format: epub
Publisher: HMH Books

21

Jay-Z

ARTIST, ENTREPRENEUR • 1969–

Shawn Corey Carter grew up in the Marcy Projects in Brooklyn, New York, where his mother, Gloria Carter, remembers he’d be in the kitchen of their apartment rapping until late at night. He never graduated from high school and initially sold CDs out of his car. He became Jay-Z with his 1996 debut album, Reasonable Doubt. Ten years later, MTV named him the greatest rapper of all time.

Famous for his work ethic, Jay-Z has released fourteen Billboard number one albums, the most by any solo artist in history. These include many timeless tracks that have defined popular culture, such as 2004’s “99 Problems,” a look at what it’s like to drive while black in America, and 2009’s “D.O.A. (Death of Auto-Tune),” which single-handedly undermined a voice-correction tool that was widely used in rap and pop music. Jay-Z was instrumental in taking hiphop from its origins in house parties to selling out stadium concerts.

As he climbed the charts, Jay-Z also became an influential businessman. He is an owner of Tidal, a streaming music service. He cofounded Roc-A-Fella Records, served as president of Def Jam Recordings, founded entertainment company Roc Nation, and became part-owner of the Brooklyn Nets before giving up his stake in the NBA franchise to found his own sports agency, Roc Nation Sports.

Married to Beyoncé, Jay-Z has lived the American dream of reinvention and second chances.

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